Relationship between actinic keratosis and malignant skin lesions on the eyelid / Relação entre ceratose actínica e lesões cutâneas malignas na pálpebra

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the variables possibly related to actinic keratosis and malignant skin lesions on the eyelid. Methods: A prospective study of patients with suspected eyelid malignancy was conducted. The participants underwent a 2-mm punch biopsy at two opposite sites of the lesion for diagnosis, and the results were compared with those of the histopathological study of the surgical excised specimen. The patients with an actinic keratosis component were divided into two groups (actinic keratosis-associated malignancy and actinic keratosis alone), which were compared for the following variables: age, disease duration, largest diameter, tumor area, Fitzpatrick classification, sex, tumor site and margin involvement. A cluster analysis was also performed. Results: We analyzed 174 lesions, of which 50 had an actinic keratosis component. Actinic keratosis was associated with squamous cell carcinoma in 22% of the cases and to basal cell carcinoma in 38%, which shows that both neoplasms may have contiguous actinic keratosis. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among the variables. In a cluster analysis, four groups were identified with malignant lesions in the medial canthus with the largest mean diameter and area. All margin involvements on the lower eyelid were related to malignancy, which means that all cases with margin involvement had an almost 100% risk of malignancy. Conclusions: Larger actinic keratosis lesions in the medial canthus and lesions with margin involvement on the lower eyelid have a greater probability of malignant association.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as possíveis variáveis relacionadas à ceratose actínica e lesões malignas cutâneas nas pálpebras. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de pacientes com lesões palpebrais suspeitas de malignidade. Os participantes foram submetidos à biopsia por trépano (punch) de 2-mm em dois pontos opostos da lesão como método diagnóstico e os resultados foram comparados com o estudo histopatológico da peça excisada cirurgicamente. Aqueles que apresentaram ceratose actínica como resultado foram divididos em dois grupos (ceratose actínica associada com malignidade e ceratose actínica isolada) e foram comparados de acordo com as variáveis: idade, tempo de doença, maior diâmetro, área do tumor, classificação de Fitzpatrick, gênero, localização e acometimento da margem palpebral. A análise de cluster também foi realizada. Resultados: Foram analisadas 174 lesões e 50 delas tinham ceratose actínica como componente do tumor. Ceratose actínica esteve associada ao Carcinoma Espinocelular em 22% dos casos e ao Carcinoma Basocelular em 38%, mostrando que ambos podem ter ceratose actínica adjacente. A análise estatística não encontrou diferença entre as variáveis. A análise de cluster identificou quatro grupos e mostrou que lesões malignas no canto medial tinham maiores diâmetro e área. Acometimento da margem na pálpebra inferior relacionou-se em 100% com malignidade, enquanto a ausência de acometimento da margem mostrou menor chance de malignidade. Conclusões: Lesões maiores de ceratose actínica no canto medial e lesões com acometimento da margem palpebral inferior têm maiores chances de associação com malignidade.

Cirugía de la ptosis palpebral: análisis de tres tipos de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Serie de Casos / Eyelid ptosis surgery: analysis of three types of surgical procedures. Number of cases

INTRODUCCIÓN. La ptosis palpebral se define como el descenso o disfunción del párpado con respecto a su posición considerada como normal, pudiendo causar alteraciones del campo visual. Puede dividirse en lesiones congénitas o adquiridas, por el grado de disfunción entre otros. Blefaroplastia, es el término para la corrección de la misma. Existen varias técnicas correctivas quirúrgicas y no quirúrgicas. CASOS. Se presenta una serie de 5 casos tratados mediante abordaje quirúrgico anterior; detallando la técnica quirúrgica utilizada, con corrección de las estructuras hipertrofiadas, sección, suspensión, sutura del elevador palpebral o su encortamiento; suspensión de índole estática con el uso de fascia del paciente y finalizando el procedimiento con la confección del surco palpebral superior. RESULTADOS. Los 5 pacientes fueron tratados con técnicas quirúrgicas individualizadas obteniéndose buenos resultados estéticos y funcionales, sin complicaciones durante o después del procedimiento. DISCUSIÓN. La técnica de blefaroplastia quirúrgica dependerá del grado de disfunción; se describen tres principales: Fasanella Servat, para ptosis leve y útil para ptosis congénita leve o síndrome de Horner; Reinserción de la aponeurosis del músculo elevador, técnica que respeta la anatomía y permite regular diferentes grados de ptosis; y Suspensión del párpado al músculo frontal pudiendo ser definitiva o reversible. La edad de intervención para ptosis congénita antes del año de edad es urgente, si tapa la pupila para así evitar ambliopía y tortícolis compensatoria, en el resto de casos se sugiere realizarla a partir de los 5 años de edad. CONCLUSIONES. El conocimiento adecuado de la anatomía palpebral, etiología de la dermatocalasia y blefaroptosis, permite realizar una correcta cirugía reparadora individualizada para cada paciente. Las técnicas presentadas en este trabajo son reproducibles.

INTRODUCTION. Palpebral ptosis is defined as the descent or dysfunction of the eyelid with respect to its position considered as normal, which can cause alterations in the visual field. It can be divided into congenital or acquired lesions, according to the degree of dysfunction, among others. Blepharoplasty is the term for its correction. There are several surgical and non-surgical corrective techniques. CASES. We present a series of 5 cases treated by anterior surgical approach; detailing the surgical technique used, with correction of the hypertrophied structures, section, suspension, suture of the palpebral elevator or its shortening; static suspension with the use of the patient's fascia and ending the procedure with the confection of the superior palpebral sulcus. RESULTS. All 5 patients were treated with individualized surgical techniques obtaining good aesthetic and functional results, without complications during or after the procedure. DISCUSSION. The surgical blepharoplasty technique will depend on the degree of dysfunction; three main techniques are described: Fasanella Servat, for mild ptosis and useful for mild congenital ptosis or Horner syndrome; Reinsertion of the levator muscle aponeurosis, a technique that respects the anatomy and allows regulating different degrees of ptosis; and Eyelid suspension to the frontalis muscle, which can be definitive or reversible. The age of intervention for congenital ptosis before one year of age is urgent, if it covers the pupil in order to avoid amblyopia and compensatory torticollis, in the rest of cases it is suggested to perform it from 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS. The adequate knowledge of the palpebral anatomy, etiology of dermatochalasis and blepharoptosis, allows a correct individualized reparative surgery for each patient. The techniques presented in this work are reproducible.

Evaluation of ocular psoriasis with meibography

Abstract Background: Previous studies has shown that dry eye test abnormalities, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), may occur in psoriasis. Objectives: The authors aimed to evaluate the dry eye disease (DED), MGD, in psoriasis patients with meibography which is a current, objective, noninvasive method for patients with meibomian gland diseases, to investigate the relationship between disease severity and ocular involvement. Methods: This study included 50 participants with psoriasis and 50 healthy individuals. All subjects were examined by the same dermatologist and referred for ophthalmological examination including meibomian gland obstruction, lid margin alterations assessment, ocular surface disease index assessment, tear film break-up time test, Schirmer test, corneal conjunctival fluorescein staining assessment. Additionally, upper and lower lids were evaluated for meibomian gland loss with meibography. Results: MGD (28%), meibomian gland loss (MGL) (29.5%), upper meiboscore (0.61 ± 0.81), lower meiboscore (0.46 ± 0.61), DED (22%) were significantly higher in the psoriasis group compared with the control group (p = 0.008, p < 0.001, p = 0.027, p = 0.041, p = 0.044, respectively). There was a significant relationship between MGD and psoriasis area severity index (PASI) (p = 0.015, Odds Ratio = 1.211). There was a significant positive relationship between MGL with PASI (p < 0.001, r = 608) and psoriasis duration (p < 0.001, r = 0.547). Study limitations: Smaller study group and inability to detect quality changes of meibum with meibography were limitations of the study. Conclusions: Psoriasis may affect the meibomian gland morphology, may cause structural changes in meibomian glands, and as a result of these may cause MGD and DED. Therefore, ophthalmologists and dermatologists should be aware of this situation and co-evaluate the patients in this respect.

Upper and lower blepharoplasty technique associated with canthopexy with double pre septal orbicularis muscle elevation with a single suture / Blefaroplastia superior e inferior associada à cantopexia com elevação dupla de músculo orbicular pré-septal em sutura única

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the upper and lower blepharoplasty technique associated with canthopexy with double pre septal orbicularis muscle elevation with a single suture in order to evaluate the efficacy of the technique. Methods: This is a retrospective study in which the medical records of 5,882 patients who underwent this technique between January 1999 and July 2015 were evaluated. The frequency and main causes of clinical complications and surgical reoperation were analyzed. Results: The incidence of complications found was 12.7% (n=750), being 0.8% (n=47) due to persistent chemosis, 3% (n=176) due to poor lower eyelid positioning, 4.17% (n=245) due to mild eyelid retraction and 4.8% (n=282) because of mild to moderate chemosis. Conclusion: The technique appears to be effective as it is simple and practical, and capable of resulting in positive functional and aesthetic outcomes with low rates of complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a técnica de blefaroplastia superior e inferior associada à cantopexia associada à dupla elevação do músculo orbicular pré-septal em uma única sutura e avaliar sua eficácia. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, no qual foram avaliados 5.882 prontuários de pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia superior e inferior com a utilização da cantopexia, entre janeiro de 1999 e julho de 2015. Taxas e principais causas de complicações clínicas e reintervenção cirúrgica foram analisadas. Resultados: A incidência de complicações encontradas foi de 12,7% (n=750), sendo 0,8% (n=47) de caso de quemose persistente, 3% (n=176) de mau posicionamento palpebral inferior (ectrópio), 4,17% (n=245) de leve retração pálpebra e 4,8% (n=282) de quemose leve a moderada. Conclusão: A técnica mostra-se eficaz por ser simples e prática, podendo ter resultados funcionais e estéticos positivos e com baixo índice de complicações.

Upper eyelid juvenile xanthogranuloma: a case report / Xantogranuloma juvenil em pálpebra superior: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare benign non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Clinical manifestation usually occurs up to the age of 2 years, with yellowish papules and variable clinical progression. Approximately 0.75% of patients had systemic involvement and 0.25%, ocular alterations. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of a preschool 2-year-old female patient, with nodules in the upper right eyelid, 0.5-cm wide, with well-defined edges, an uncertain date of onset, a stable growth for 6 months, with no inflammatory signs, pruritus, pain, bleeding, or other similar lesions in the body. No further changes were observed in the physical examination. Histopathological examination of the specimen showed a skin lesion with histiocytoid, spindle-shaped cells and xanthomized cells, inflammatory infiltrate and numerous Touton giant cells. The result was compatible with diagnosis of juvenile xanthogranuloma. Therefore, the importance of including juvenile xanthogranuloma in the differential diagnosis of eyelid lesions is emphasized, especially in children.

RESUMO O xantogranuloma juvenil é uma patologia histiocítica benigna rara. A manifestação clínica ocorre geralmente até os 2 anos de idade com pápulas amareladas e evolução clínica variável. Cerca de 0,75% dos pacientes apresentaram comprometimento sistêmico e 0,25%, comprometimento ocular. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o caso de uma pré-escolar de 2 anos do sexo feminino, com nodulação em pálpebra superior direita, 0,5cm de base e bordos bem definidos, data de início não estimada, mas crescimento estável há 6 meses, sem sinais flogísticos, prurido, dor, sangramentos ou outras lesões similares no corpo. Sem mais alterações ao exame físico. A análise histopatológica da peça evidenciou lesão cutânea com células histiocitoides, fusiformes e outras xantomizadas; infiltrado inflamatório de permeio e numerosas células gigantes do tipo Touton, resultado compatível com o diagnóstico de xantogranuloma juvenil. Assim, ressalta-se a importância da inclusão do xantogranuloma juvenil no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões palpebrais, especialmente em crianças.

Amiloidose de conjuntivas palpebrais inferiores: um relato de caso / Lower eyelid conjunctival amyloidosis: a case report

RESUMO A amiloidose é caracterizada pela deposição extracelular de fibrilas amiloides proteicas nos tecidos, incluindo conjuntiva, motivada por sua insolubilidade em proteínas proteolíticas. A amiloidose conjuntival, afetando especificamente a conjuntiva palpebral, é um achado raro na prática clínica. Os autores descrevem um caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, caucasiano, de 71 anos, apresentando lesões bilaterais localizadas na conjuntiva da pálpebra inferior, elevadas, bem delimitadas, amareladas, aliadas a pálpebras desestabilizadas. Foi realizada excisão cirúrgica das lesões, e o exame histológico confirmou se tratar de amiloidose conjuntival. Não houve recorrência após o procedimento. A amiloidose conjuntival afetando ambas as pálpebras inferiores é um achado raro na literatura. O manejo da amiloidose conjuntival depende da extensão do envolvimento local e do status sistêmico do paciente, variando de sintomático, com o uso de lubrificantes, até cirúrgico, com a remoção das lesões.

ABSTRACT Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of protein amyloid fibrils in tissues, including conjunctiva, which are insoluble in proteolytic proteins. Conjunctival amyloidosis specifically in the palpebral conjunctiva is a rare finding in clinical practice. The authors described the case of a 71-year-old caucasian male patient, with bilateral lesions located in the lower eyelid conjunctiva, elevated, well-defined, yellowish, combined with destabilized eyelids. Surgical excision of the lesions was performed, and the histological examination confirmed conjunctival amyloidosis. There was no recurrence after the procedure. Conjunctival amyloidosis in both lower eyelids is a rare finding in the literature. The management of conjunctival amyloidosis depends on the extent of local involvement and patient's general health status, varying from symptomatic, with use of ocular lubricants, to surgical, by removing the lesions.

Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei: when a rare skin disease involves the eyelid / Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei: quando uma rara dermatose acomete a pálpebra

ABSTRACT The authors present a case of lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei , a rare skin disease of unknown etiology, which may cause unaesthetic scarring due to its difficult treatment. The histopathological examination of epithelioid granulomas with caseating necrosis, together with the clinical features, are important for diagnosis and early treatment with better results. Despite difficult and unsatisfactory treatment, there are ongoing studies on therapy to improve aesthetic and social impairment. This case report describes an initial misdiagnosis delaying appropriate treatment, and highlights the value of physical examination and clinical judgment for another pathological examination, whenever necessary, aiming at better treatment outcomes in daily practice.

RESUMO Os autores apresentam um caso de lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei , uma dermatose rara, de etiologia desconhecida, que pode deixar cicatrizes não estéticas, pela dificuldade de tratamento. O exame histopatológico de granulomas compostos por células epitelioides, com necrose caseosa, e as características clínicas, são importantes para o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce, com melhores resultados. Apesar do tratamento difícil e insatisfatório, há estudos em andamento sobre terapias para melhorar o comprometimento estético e social. Este relato de caso descreve um diagnóstico inicial errôneo, que atrasou o tratamento adequado, e destaca o valor do exame físico e raciocínio clínico para solicitar outro exame anatomopatológico, quando necessário, de forma a obter melhores desfechos com o tratamento, na prática diária.

Tarsal buckling como complicação de correção cirúrgica de ptose congênita / Tarsal buckling as a complication of surgery to treat congenital ptosis

RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou relatar um caso de tarsal buckling associado a prolapso conjuntival e à inversão de pálpebra superior como complicação da correção cirúrgica de ptose residual. Paciente do sexo feminino, 15 anos, portadora de ptose palpebral residual unilateral em olho direito, secundária à correção parcial da ptose palpebral congênita operada na infância. A segunda abordagem cirúrgica foi realizada com ressecção da aponeurose do músculo levantador da pálpebra superior, que evoluiu com inversão conjuntival da pálpebra superior. A fragilidade estrutural do tarso é a principal hipótese para justificar o tarsal buckling subsequente à cirurgia. Houve resolução completa do tarsal buckling, porém houve também persistência da ptose palpebral. O tarsal buckling é, portanto, uma complicação cirúrgica incomum, que pode ocorrer na correção da ptose palpebral, em que há rotação posterior da metade superior do tarso, fazendo com que este se curve verticalmente sobre seu eixo, favorecendo o prolapso conjuntival. A suspeição diagnóstica e a reabordagem cirúrgica precoce favorecem a resolução da condição e previnem possíveis complicações visuais.

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to report a case of tarsal buckling associated with conjunctival prolapse and upper eyelid inversion as a complication of surgical correction of residual ptosis. A 15-year-old female patient with unilateral residual eyelid ptosis in the right eye, secondary to partial correction of congenital blepharoptosis operated in childhood. The second surgery was performed with resection of the upper eyelid levator muscle aponeurosis, which progressed to conjunctival inversion of the upper eyelid. The structural fragility of the tarsus is the main hypothesis to justify tarsal buckling after surgery. There was complete resolution of tarsal buckling, but persistence of blepharoptosis. Tarsal buckling is an infrequent surgical complication that can occur in correction of blepharoptosis, when there is posterior rotation of the upper half of the tarsus, causing it to curve vertically on its axis and favoring conjunctival prolapse. Establishing diagnosis and early reoperation favor resolution of the condition and avoid possible visual complications.

Clinical outcomes of ocular surface in patients treated with vitamin D oral replacement / Resultados clínicos da superfície ocular em pacientes tratados com reposição oral de vitamina D

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the clinical outcomes of the ocular surface in patients with vitamin D deficiency after oral replacement. Methods: A total of 40 patients with vitamin D deficiency were enrolled in the study. The patients received 50,000 units of oral vitamin D weekly over a period of 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, 1,500-2,000 units/d were administered for 24 weeks. Eyelid margin score, meibomian gland expressibility score, Oxford grading, Schirmer I test, tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index score were evaluated at baseline, and at 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Results: The meibomian gland expressibility score, Schirmer I, tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, and Ocular Surface Disease Index score showed improvement 8 weeks after vitamin D supplementation (p<0.05). Compared with the pretreatment values, the eyelid margin score and Oxford grading were decreased at week 12 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin D replacement appears to improve ocular surface in individuals with vitamin D deficiency.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os resultados clínicos da superfície ocular em pacientes com deficiência de vitamina D após reposição oral. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 40 pacientes com deficiência de vitamina D. Os pacientes receberam 50.000 unidades de vitamina D semanalmente por um período de oito semanas. Após esse período, 1.500-2.000 unidades/dia foram administradas por 24 semanas. Escores da margem palpebral, escores de expressibilidade da glândula meibomiana, classificação de Oxford, teste de Schirmer I, tempo de ruptura lacrimal, osmolaridade da lágrima e escore do Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular foram avaliados no início e após 8, 12 e 24 semanas. Resultados: O escore de expressibilidade da glândula meibomiana, Schirmer I, tempo de ruptura lacrimal, osmolaridade da lágrima e o Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular apresentaram melhoras após 8 semanas de suplementação de vitamina D (p<0,05). Comparado com os valores do pré-tratamento, o escore da margem palpebral e a classificação de Oxford diminuíram na 12ª semana (p<0,05). Conclusão: A reposição de vitamina D parece melhorar a superfície ocular em indivíduos com deficiência de vitamina D.

Intra- and interobserver reliability of a modified distraction test based on digital images to assess lower eyelid horizontal tension / Confiabilidade intra e interobservador do teste de tração modificado para avaliar a tensão da pálpebra inferior baseado em imagens digitais

ABSTRACT Purpose: Inferior eyelid laxity is classically evaluated using "snap-back" and "distraction" tests. This study aimed to assess the reproducibility of the technique used to indirectly quantify the horizontal tension in the lower eyelids using digital image processing. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproducibility of a new technique that quantifies the horizontal tension in the lower eyelid. The study was conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas of Porto Alegre. The protocol was established by two trained ophthalmologist examiners, allowing intra- and interobserver agreement analyses. Image acquisition was done in two stages: the first image was captured with the eyelid in primary gaze position and the second with the eyelid in traction position. All images and measurements were processed using Image J 1.33m software from the National Institute of Health. The Bland-Altman method, intraclass correlation coefficients, concordance correlation coefficients, and technical measurement error were used to evaluate reproducibility. Results: The study participants comprised healthy individuals with no ophthalmologic pathologies. The measurements obtained in the neutral position showed a slightly higher agreement than those obtained in the traction position. The mean difference between the measurements performed in the traction position was 0.028 ± 0.7 mm and 0.014 ± 0.9 mm in the intra- and interobserver analyses, respectively. The Bland-Altman method demonstrated adequate confidence limits for both measurements. Correlation coefficients for measurements varied between 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.95] and 0.91 (95% CI 0.77-0.97) in the neutral position and between 0.72 (95% CI 0.37-0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.4-0.91) in the traction position. Conclusion: A high intra- and interobserver concordance was observed in the studied method to quantify lower eyelid tension. The proposed method is simple and easily reproducible, and to the best our knowledge, this is the first method that quantifies lower eyelid horizontal tension on the basis of digital image processing. This modified distraction test might be useful in studies quantifying lower eyelid horizontal tension.

RESUMO Objetivo: A frouxidão palpebral inferior é avaliada classicamente por meio de testes de "snap-back" e "distraction test". O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a reprodutibilidade da técnica utilizada para quantificar indiretamente a tensão horizontal nas pálpebras inferiores através do processamento digital de imagens. Métodos: Este estudo longitudinal foi realizado para avaliar a reprodutibilidade de uma nova técnica que quantifica a tensão horizontal na pálpebra inferior. O estudo foi realizado no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O protocolo foi estabelecido por dois examinadores oftalmologistas treinados, permitindo análises de concordância intra e interavaliador. A aquisição de imagens foi feita em duas etapas: a primeira imagem foi capturada com a pálpebra na posição primária do olhar e a segunda com pálpebra tracionada. Todas as imagens e medições foram processadas usando o software Image J 1.33m do National Institute of Health. O método de Bland-Altman, os coeficientes de correlação intraclasses, os coeficientes de correlação de concordância e o erro técnico da medida foram utilizados para avaliar a reprodutibilidade. Resultados: Os participantes do estudo foram indivíduos saudáveis e sem patologias oftalmológicas. As medidas obtidas na posição neutra mostraram concordância levemente maior do que as obtidas na posição tracionada. A diferença média entre as medidas realizadas na posição tracionada foi de 0,028 ± 0,7mm e 0,014 ± 0,9mm nas análises intra e interobservadores, respectivamente. O método de Bland-Altman demonstrou limites de confiança adequados para ambas as medidas. Os coeficientes de correlação para as medidas variaram entre 0,87 [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) 0,68-0,95) e 0,91 (IC 95% 0,77-0,97) na posição neutra e entre 0,72 (IC 95% 0,37-0,89) e 0,76 (IC 95% 0,46-0,91) na posição tracionada. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada concordância intra e interobservador no método estudado para quantificar a tensão palpebral inferior. O método proposto é simples e facilmente reproduzível, e, do melhor modo possível, este é o primeiro método que quantifica a tensão horizontal da pálpebra inferior com base no processamento digital de imagens. Este teste de distração modificado pode ser útil em estudos que quantifiquem a tensão horizontal da pálpebra inferior.

Patología oculoplástica: experiencia de 7 años en Hospital del Sistema de Salud Público de Chile / Oculoplastic Pathology: experience of 7 years in Hospital of the Public Health System of Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cirugía oculoplástica estudia y trata los trastornos de párpados, órbita y vías lagrimales. Entre las patologías más importantes por frecuencia e impacto tenemos: ptosis palpebral, blefarochalasis, ectropión y entropión. OBJETIVO: Analizar la experiencia del Hospital El Pino en cuanto al manejo de patología oculoplástica en manos de un cirujano plástico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisaron fichas de pacientes operados con diagnóstico de blefarochalasis, ptosis palpebral, ectropión y entropión entre los años 2010 y 2017. Se analizaron datos como edad, sexo, comorbilidades, causa del defecto, cirugía oculoplástica, tipo de anestesia, complicación posoperatoria, tiempo de seguimiento y resultados. RESULTADOS: Entre los años 2010 y 2017 se operaron 79 pacientes con patología oculoplástica, 17 por ptosis palpebral, 42 por blefarochalasis, 14 por ectropión y 6 por entropión, siendo la principal causa senil (93,7%). Las cirugías realizadas fueron: pexia del elevador para Ptosis palpebral, blefaroplastía para blefarochalasis y para ectropión-entropión tarsal strip. La principal técnica anestésica utilizada fue anestesia local + sedación (54,4%). Entre el total de complicaciones posoperatorias tenemos: lagoftalmo (2 casos), ectropión residual (3 casos), conjuntivitis (3 casos), dehiscencia de herida (2 casos) y hematoma palpebral (1 caso). Se reintervinieron 6 pacientes por complicaciones. Los resultados obtenidos según la evaluación subjetiva del cirujano plástico y pacientes fueron regular (5 casos), bueno (20 casos) y muy bueno (54 casos). CONCLUSIÓN: El manejo de la patología oculoplástica requiere en su mayoría de cirugías ambulatorias con buenos resultados y poca morbilidad, lo cual es factible de realizar en un hospital público. Creemos necesario el uso de algún instrumento objetivo para evaluar de mejor manera los defectos palpebrales y su corrección.

INTRODUCTION: The oculoplastic surgery studies and treats disorders of the eyelids, orbit and lacrimal ways. Among the most important pathologies by frequency and impact are: palpebral ptosis, blepharochalasis, ectropion and entropion. AIM: Analyze the experience of El Pino Hospital regarding the management of oculoplastic pathology in the hands of a plastic surgeon. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective study. We reviewed files of patients operated with diagnosis of blepharochalasis, palpebral ptosis, ectropion and entropion between the years 2010 and 2017. Data were analyzed as age, sex, comorbidities, cause of the defect, oculoplastic surgery, type of anesthesia, postoperative complication, follow-up time and results. RESULTS: Between the years 2010 and 2017, 79 patients with oculoplastic pathology operated, 17 for palpebral ptosis, 42 for blefarochalasis, 14 for ectropion and 6 for entropion, being the main senile cause (93,7%). The surgeries performed were: elevator pexis for palpebral ptosis, blepharoplasty for blefarochalasis and for ectropion-entropion tarsal strip. The main anesthetic technique used was local anesthesia + sedation (54,4%). Among the total postoperative complications, we have: lagophthalmos (2 cases), residual ectropion (3 cases), conjunctivitis (3 cases), wound dehiscence (2 cases) and palpebral hematoma (1 case). Six patients were reoperated due to complications. The results obtained according to the subjective evaluation of the plastic surgeon were regular (5 cases), good (20 cases) and very good (54 cases). CONCLUSION: Management of oculoplastic pathology requires mostly ambulatory surgeries with good results and low morbidity, which is feasible to perform in a public hospital. We believe it is necessary to use some objective instrument to better evaluate the palpebral defects and their correction.

Retalho zigomático-palpebral: uma técnica opcional para a reconstrução da pálpebra inferior / Zygomatic-palpebral flap: an optional technique for lower eyelid reconstruction

Introdução: A reconstrução de pálpebra inferior representa um desafio peculiar ao cirurgião plástico, uma vez que traduz uma região facial de importância estética e funcional. O objetivo é apresentar uma técnica opcional para a reconstrução de defeitos da pálpebra inferior com o retalho cutâneo zigomáticopalpebral. Esta técnica mostra uma alternativa nos casos de pele escleroatrófica de pessoas idosas, bem como para pessoas jovens, que não apresentam redundância da pele palpebral superior, impossibilitando por exemplo o uso de enxertos de pálpebra superior ou retalhos como o de Fricke ou Tripier. Métodos: Os autores mostram a indicação do retalho em casos de ectrópio cicatricial, reconstrução após ressecção de neoplasias, associação com outros retalhos como de Hughes ou para cobertura de enxertos cartilaginosos. É um retalho de transposição composto por pele e subcutâneo, randomizado. A técnica baseia-se no uso de retalho local, de características muito semelhantes à área do defeito, o que permite mimetização, segurança e exequibilidade. Resultados: Os resultados imediatos e tardios são satisfatórios e bem aceitos pelos pacientes e pela equipe cirúrgica em termos estéticos e funcionais, com oclusão palpebral adequada e lubrificação ocular preservada. Conclusão: O retalho zigomático-palpebral apresenta como vantagens a simplicidade de execução, sangramento mínimo, baixa morbidade de área doadora e feito sob anestesia local. O objetivo de reconstruir defeitos da pálpebra é restaurar a anatomia e função. Esta pode ser uma tarefa desafiadora, especialmente em defeitos maiores que podem estar presentes nos procedimentos oncológicos em jovens e em idosos com pele escleroatrófica e mínima frouxidão.

Introduction: Lower eyelid reconstruction represents a unique challenge to plastic surgeons, since it involves a facial region of aesthetic and functional importance. The objective is to present an optional technique for the reconstruction of lower eyelid defects using zygomatic-palpebral skin flap. This technique represents an alternative in cases of scleroatrophic skin in older patients, and for young people who do not have an upper eyelid skin redundancy, which prevents, for example, the use of upper eyelid grafts or flaps such as those of Fricke or Tripier. Methods: The authors describe the flap used in cases of cicatricial ectropion and reconstruction after resection of neoplasms and association with other flaps, such as those of Hughes, or for coverage of cartilage grafts. The flap consisted of a transposition flap made up of skin and underlying subcutaneous tissues, randomized . The technique was based on the use of a local flap with highly similar characteristics to the defect area, which allowed it to mimic functions, while being safe and feasible. Results: The immediate and late results in terms of aesthetics and function were satisfactory and well accepted by patients and the surgical team, with adequate eyelid occlusion and preserved ocular lubrication. Conclusion: The advantages of the zygomatic-palpebral flap are its ease of execution, minimal bleeding, low morbidity of the donor area, and the use of local anesthesia. The reconstruction of eyelid defects aims to restore anatomy and function. This can be a challenging task, especially in cases with larger defects that may be present after oncologic procedures both in young and old patients presenting with scleroatrophic skin and minimal tissue laxity.

Técnica de fijación frontal en cirugía de ptosis palpebral mediante banda de silicona / Silicone band brow fixation in ptosis surgery

RESUMEN Se presentó un caso operado de ptosis palpebral severa del ojo izquierdo, en un paciente de 83 años de edad, chofer profesional. el mismo fue corregido mediante la técnica de Fox, fijando el párpado superior al músculo frontal con una banda de silicona de 1 mm de ancho. Se presentaron los buenos resultados de esta cirugía correctiva en el trans-operatorio y post-operatorio de 7 días y al mes. Se mostraron resultados satisfactorios visual y estético con el uso de la misma. No se reportó reacción adversa a la banda de silicona. Se recomienda extender el uso de esta técnica a todos los servicios de la provincia. Continuar el perfeccionamiento de la misma en el servicio (AU).

ABSTRACT An 83 years old patient, professional driver, operated of a severe ptosis in the left eye, is corrected by Fox procedure, fixating the upper eyelid to the frontal muscle with a silicone band of 1 mm. The good corrective results, during surgery, after that, at 7 days and at a month, are showed as a great achievement in visual and aesthetic fields. There was not allergic reaction to the silicone material. We recommend to extend the use of this procedure to all provinces services and to continue the improvement of the procedure in our service (AU).

Colgajos o injertos cutáneos para la corrección de defectos palpebrales de gran tamaño / Flaps or cutaneous grafts for the correction of large eyelid defects

Objetivo: Describir los resultados estéticos y funcionales con el uso de colgajos o injertos cutáneos en la corrección de defectos palpebrales de gran tamaño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, de 15 pacientes con lesiones tumorales o cicatrizales que provocaron defectos palpebrales de gran tamaño, desde enero a diciembre del año 2016, en la Consulta de Oculoplastia del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer. Resultados: El 73,3 por ciento de los pacientes fue del sexo masculino y mayores de 60 años. Las lesiones tumorales representaron el 73,3 por ciento y el carcinoma basal el 53,3 por ciento. El párpado inferior fue el más comprometido. En el 60 por ciento de los casos se realizó colgajo cutáneo; de ellos, a 8 pacientes (88,8 por ciento) de tipo Tenzel. En el 73,3 por ciento de los pacientes no se presentaron complicaciones. El hematoma posquirúrgico fue la complicación general más frecuente (25 por ciento). Conclusiones: Los defectos palpebrales de gran tamaño se presentan en mayor cantidad en los pacientes mayores de 60 años, del sexo masculino. Predomina el carcinoma basal en el párpado inferior. La técnica reconstructiva con colgajos e injertos cutáneos resulta efectiva en la mayoría de los casos y se reporta un mínimo de complicaciones(AU)

Objective: To describe the esthetic and functional results of the use of flaps or cutaneous grafts for the correction of large eyelid defects. Method: A prospective, descriptive and observational study of 15 patients with tumoral or scar lesions that caused large eyelid defects was conducted from January to December, 2016 in the Oculoplasty Service of Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology. Results: In the study, 73.3 percent of patients were males aged over 60 years. Tumoral lesions were present in 73.3 percent of patients whereas basal carcinoma was found in 53.3 percent. The lower eyelid was the most affected. Sixty percent of cases were corrected with cutaneous flap, eight of them (88.8 percent) with Tenzel-type flap. No complications were seen in 73.3 percent of patients. Postsurgical hematoma was the most common complication (25 percent). Conclusions: Large eyelid defects were observed in a higher number of male patients aged 60 years. Basal carcinoma in the lower eyelid predominated. The reconstructive technique using flaps or cutaneous grafts proved to be effective in most of the cases, with minimal complications(AU)

Apresentação periorbitária de doença relacionada ao IgG4 / Periorbital presentation of IgG4 related disease

Resumo A doença relacionada ao IgG4 é uma condição imunomediada caracterizada pela presença de lesões com reação inflamatória associada à fibrose e à infiltração linfoplasmocitária rica em plasmócitos tissulares IgG4 positivos, compondo um espectro de doenças fibroproliferativas. A patogênese da DRIgG4 ainda é pouco compreendida e o tratamento é empírico. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 50 anos com lesões amareladas palpebrais associadas a edema local, diagnosticadas previamente como processo alérgico, até que biópsia com estudo imuno-histoquímico e dosagem de IgG4 sérico aventaram a hipótese de doença relacionada ao IgG4. Foi iniciado tratamento com corticoide e rituximabe, observando-se estabilização do quadro e sem apresentação de outras formas clínicas da doença.

Abstract IgG4-Related Disease is an immunomediated condition that is characterized by the presence of inflammatory lesions associated with fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration rich in positive IgG4 tissue plasmocytes, forming a spectrum of fibroproliferative diseases. The pathogenesis of IgG4-RD is still poorly understood and the treatment is empirical. We report the case of a 50-year-old man with yellow eyelid lesions associated with local edema, previously diagnosed as an allergic process, until biopsy with immunohistochemical study and serum IgG4 dosage revealed the hypothesis of IgG4 related disease. Treatment with corticoid and rituximab was initiated, showing stabilization of the condition, without presenting other clinical forms of the disease.

Anquilobléfaron y el tratamiento a las anomalías congénitas palpebrales y del ojo / Ankyloblepharon and the treatment of congenital palpebral and ocular anomalies

El anquilobléfaron es la fusión parcial o total de los bordes palpebrales. En dependencia de la localización, este puede clasificarse como medial o interno y lateral o externo. Es una malformación congénita que constituye una condición muy infrecuente. Puede estar genéticamente determinada, aunque su causa exacta o mecanismo de producción no se conoce claramente. El primer caso corresponde a una lactante femenina, de 57 días de nacida, antecedentes de madre con paladar hendido ya operado. Al examen oftalmológico se constata en el ojo derecho fusión a nivel de todo el borde palpebral y en el izquierdo brida hacia sector temporal, además de presentar paladar hendido. El segundo caso, es una paciente femenina de 24 meses de edad, que en el examen ocular se observa brida que fusiona ambos bordes palpebrales del ojo izquierdo, en zona temporal. Se confirma diagnóstico de anquilobléfaron. En el primer caso se decide, por la edad, mantener una conducta expectante y posponer el tratamiento quirúrgico hasta que se realice la cirugía de la fisura labial, la cual se realiza a los 3 meses. En ambos casos la conducta fue quirúrgica, con buenos resultados estéticos y funcionales. El diagnóstico de esta anomalía es clínico y el examen físico minucioso, el cual, unido a los conocimientos del especialista sobre estas anomalías, juega un papel primordial. El tratamiento siempre es quirúrgico, el procedimiento a ejecutar es sencillo, incluso cuando requiere de reconstrucción palpebral(AU)

Ankyloblepharon is the partial or total fusion of eyelid margins. According to its location, it may be classified as medial or internal and lateral or external. This congenital malformation is a very rare condition. Though it may be genetically determined, its exact cause or development mechanism is not clearly known. The first case is a 57-day-old female infant whose mother had undergone cleft palate surgery. Ophthalmological examination revealed fusion of the entire eyelid margin of the right eye and bridling toward the temporal sector of the left eye, as well as a cleft palate. The second case is a 24-month-old female patient whose ophthalmological examination revealed bridling fusing the two eyelid margins of the left eye in the temporal zone. Ankyloblepharon diagnosis was confirmed. In the first case, due to the patient's age it was decided to postpone surgical treatment until lip fissure surgery was performed at 3 months. In both cases management was surgical, with good esthetic and functional results. Diagnosis of this condition is based on meticulous clinical and physical examination, supported by the decisive role played by the specialist's knowledge about these anomalies. Treatment is always surgical and the procedure to be performed is simple, even when palpebral reconstruction is required(AU)

Carcinoma de glándulas sebáceas del párpado / Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid

Los principales tumores malignos que afectan los párpados en orden de frecuencia son el carcinoma basocelular, el carcinoma de glándulas sebáceas, el carcinoma de células escamosas y el melanoma maligno. El carcinoma de glándulas sebáceas es una neoplasia originada en las glándulas sebáceas con predilección por cabeza y cuello, especialmente por las glándulas de Meibomio, aunque también puede afectar a las glándulas de Zeiss o ambas y su sitio de mayor presentación es en el párpado superior. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 46 años de edad quien presenta lesión pediculada y vascularizada en párpado inferior izquierdo posterior al drenaje de un supuesto chalazión. Se realiza rasurado de la lesión y recidiva por segunda ocasión. El carcinoma de células sebáceas se maneja con resección amplia y reconstrucción con técnica de Hughes(AU)

The main malignant tumors affecting the eyelids in an order of frequency are basal cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Sebaceous gland carcinoma is a neoplasm originating in sebaceous glands predominantly from the head and neck, particularly meibomian glands, though it may also affect the glands of Zeis or both, and its most common site of presentation is the upper eyelid. A 46-year-old male patient presents with a pediculated vascularized lesion on his lower left eyelid after drainage of a supposed chalazion. The lesion was shaved off and reoccurred a second time. Sebaceous cell carcinoma is managed with broad resection and reconstruction by Hughes' technique(AU)

Tratamento cirúrgico da ptose palpebral moderada e grave: análise de resultados / Surgical treatment of moderate and severe ptosis: analysis of results

Introdução: A ptose palpebral é uma afecção comum na prática clínica na qual uma perfeita avaliação torna-se mandatória. Definimos ptose quando a margem palpebral encontra-se abaixo de 2 mm da junção córneo escleral e pode ser classificada em leve, moderada e grave. Existem inúmeras técnicas de reparo e a escolha dependerá da classificação da função do músculo levantador. Métodos: Foram analisados de forma prospectiva, no período de março de 2013 a maio de 2015, quatorze (n = 14) pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico de ptose palpebral moderada e grave (n = 21). Inúmeros fatores foram estudados, tais como grau de ptose e função do músculo elevador da pálpebra, tipo de técnica de reparo, complicações imediatas e tardias, etc. Resultados: Quatorze pacientes foram opera-dos, totalizando 21 pálpebras, sendo que, 85% foram de etiologia adquirida e 15% congênita. Com relação ao grau de ptose, 64,3% (n = 9) foram moderadas e 35,7% (n = 5) graves. No que tange à função do músculo levantador, encontramos função boa 28,5% (n = 4), moderada 28,5% (n = 4) e pobre 43% (n = 6). Em relação às com-plicações, 2 casos de hiperemia conjutival e um caso de edema. Obtivemos um alto índice de satisfação com 85,7% (n = 12), com baixas taxas de complicações. Conclusão: A ptose palpebral é uma enfermidade comum na prática clínica e exige por parte do cirurgião um perfeito conhecimento anatômico da delicada estrutura palpebral e também de sua fisiopatologia. Uma perfeita avaliação desse paciente torna-se mandatória para o emprego do tratamento mais adequado.

Introduction: Eyelid ptosis is a common condition in clinical practice for which a complete evaluation is mandatory. Ptosis is defined when the eyelid margin is 2 mm below the corneoscleral junction and can be classified as mild, moderate, and severe. There are numerous repair techniques, and the choice will depend on the classification of the function of the levator muscle. Methods: We evaluated prospectively, from March 2013 to May 2015, 14 patients who underwent surgical treatment of moderate and severe ptosis (n = 21). Several factors were studied, such as degree of ptosis and function of the eyelid levator muscle, type of repair technique, and immediate and late complications. Results: Fourteen patients (21 eyelids) underwent operation. The etiology was acquired in 85% of the cases and congenital in 15%. With respect to the degree of ptosis, 64.3% (n = 9) of the cases were moderate and 35.7% (n = 5) were severe. With respect to the muscle function of the levator, good, moderate, and poor functions were observed in 28.5% (n = 4), 28.5% (n = 4), and 43% (n = 6) of the cases, respectively. With regard to complications, 2 cases of conjunctival hyperemia and one case of edema were observed. We obtained a high satisfaction rate of 85.7% (n = 12), with low complication rates. Conclusion: Eyelid ptosis is a common presentation in clinical practice and requires on the part of the surgeon a detailed anatomical knowledge of the delicate structure of the eyelid and its pathophysiology. A complete evaluation of these patients is mandatory for the employment of the most appropriate treatment.

Implante de pesa de oro palpebral en el tratamiento del lagoftalmo paralítico / Palpebral gold weight implantation in the paralytic lagophthalmos treatment

El lagoftalmo secundario a daño del nervio facial trae como consecuencia alteraciones funcionales y estéticas que pueden tributar a serias complicaciones corneales y eventualmente a la ceguera. El correcto manejo depende de su severidad y del tiempo de recuperación. El implante de pesas de oro en el párpado superior juega un importante papel en el tratamiento a mediano y largo plazo de esta afección. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 74 años con síntomas y signos de parálisis facial periférica derecha, incluyendo lagoftalmo ipsilateral con gran deterioro corneal. Se le implantó una pesa de oro pretarsal en el párpado superior para corregir el lagoftalmo paralítico y se obtuvieron excelentes resultados funcionales y estéticos. Mientras novedosas modalidades de tratamiento se encuentran en el horizonte con gran potencial para alterar el algoritmo de tratamiento actual, este proceder continúa siendo una técnica confiable, segura y efectiva para la rehabilitación permanente del párpado superior(AU)

Lagophthalmos secondary to facial nerve damage brings about functional and esthetic alterations which may result in serious corneal complications and eventual blindness. Appropriate management depends on severity and recovery time. Gold weight implantation in the upper eyelid plays an important role in the medium- and long-term treatment of this condition. A male 74-year-old patient presents with signs and symptoms of right-side peripheral facial paralysis, including ipsilateral lagophthalmos with great corneal deterioration. A pretarsal gold weight was implanted in the upper eyelid to correct the paralytic lagophthalmos, and excellent functional and esthetic results were obtained. While novel treatment modes lie in the horizon with great potential to alter the algorithm of current treatment, this procedure continues to be a reliable, safe and effective technique for the permanent rehabilitation of the upper eyelid(AU)

Upper eyelid platinum weight placement for the treatment of paralytic lagophthalmos: A new plane between the inner septum and the levator aponeurosis

BACKGROUND: The most common surgical treatment for paralytic lagophthalmos is the placement of a weight implant in the upper eyelid; however, this technique confers the risks of implant visibility, implant extrusion, and entropion. In this study, we present a new technique of placing platinum weight implants between the levator aponeurosis and inner septum to decrease such complications. METHODS: A total of 37 patients with paralytic lagophthalmos were treated between March 2014 and January 2017 with platinum weight placement (mean follow-up, 520.1 days). After dissecting through the orbicularis oculi muscle, the tarsal plate and levator aponeurosis were exposed. The platinum weights (1.0–1.4 g) were fixed to the upper margin of the tarsal plate and placed underneath the orbital septum. RESULTS: Five patients could partially close their eye after surgery. The average distance between the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid when the eyes were closed was 1.12 mm. The rest of the patients were able to close their eye completely. Three patients patient developed allergic conjunctivitis after platinum weight insertion, which was managed with medication. None of the patients complained of discomfort in the upper eyelid after surgery. Visibility or extrusion of the implant were observed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: Postseptal weight placement is a safe and reproducible method in both primary and secondary upper eyelid surgery for patients with paralytic lagophthalmos. It is a feasible method for preventing implant visibility, implant exposure, and entropion. Moreover, platinum is a better implant material than gold because of its smaller size and greater thinness.